托福写作高频话题思路拓展和词汇句式素材
【简介】感谢网友“混混果浆”参与投稿，以下是小编精心整理的托福写作高频话题思路拓展和词汇句式素材（共7篇），仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：托福写作高频话题思路拓展和词汇句式素材
托福写作热点话题观点类素材分享：人工智能
1 to unleash mass unemployment 导致大量的失业
不同的人对于机器人技术(robotics)及人工智能(artificial intelligence)是利是弊一直各执一词，争论不休。反对者反对机器人技术(robotics)及人工智能(artificial intelligence)的一个主要原因就是其会导致大量的失业(tounleash mass unemployment)。而大规模的失业(mass unemployment)使得大量劳动力(labor force)无事可做，从而会影响社会的稳定( to take a heavy toll on social stability)。
2 to outperform 超越
然而支持者们却认为，现如今机器能够在几乎所有任务上超越人类(machines are able to outperform humans at almost any task),所以机器人技术(robotics)及人工智能(artificialintelligence)把人们从繁重的工作中解放了出来，提高了工作效率，人们才可以更多地去享受休闲娱乐活动。只是在这个时刻确切到来之前，社会需要直面的这个问题(Society needs to confront this question before it is upon us)是如何更好地让机器人技术及人工智能为我们服务。
3 prospect of leisure-only life 只有休闲的人生前景
但是一个只有休闲的人生前景(prospect of leisure-only life)是有吸引力(appealing)的吗?有人可不这样认为，毕竟有句话说得好——生于忧患，死于安乐，工作有时候对于人类来说是必不可少的。因此人类应该警惕机器相对于人类智慧的全方位优势的实现(all-round superiority of machine to human intelligence)。
4 harness technology in a wise way 明智地利用科技
其实机器人技术及人工智能本身并没有对错之分，关键是要看人类如何明智地利用科技(to harness technology in a wise way)。比如说人工智能进展最快的领域之一是机器视觉(machine vision),尤其是人脸识别(facial recognition)。装有人脸识别设备的车辆将会实现自动驾驶，而科学家预测相比容易出错的人类司机，自动驾驶汽车(the self-driving vehicles)将减少90%甚至更多的事故。不过与此同时，大量涉及驾驶车辆的工作岗位将会消失。
托福写作热点话题词句类素材分享：人工智能
科技类话题 topic of science and technology
随着科技渗透到我们日常生活的方方面面 with technology penetrating into every aspect of our daily life
科技现代化 modernization of science and technology
人工智能 artificial intelligence
机器人技术 robotics
导致大量的失业 to unleash mass unemployment
劳动力 labor force
影响社会稳定 to take a heavy toll on social stability
机器能够在几乎所有任务上超越人类 machines are able to outperform humans at almost any task
只是在这个时刻确切到来之前，社会需要直面这个问题 Society needs to confront this question before it is upon us
只有休闲的人生前景 prospect of leisure-only life
有吸引力的 appealing
机器相对于人类智慧的全方位优势 all-round superiority of machine to human intelligence
明智地利用科技 to harness technology in a wise way
机器视觉 machine vision
人脸识别 facial recognition
自动驾驶汽车 the self-driving vehicles
篇2：托福写作高频话题思路拓展和词汇句式素材
托福写作热点话题观点类素材分享：假期购物
1. be in flux 改变
随着网上海淘(online cross-border shopping)的盛起，国人的消费习惯发生了改变(be in flux)。大家平时并不再需要压抑自己的购物欲望(to stifle the desire to buy), 他们平日里也可以通过互联网在网上购物，这样到节假日的时候他们就不会囤积了太多购物清单。现在有很多很火的海淘网，比如Amazon就非常的便捷。同时，海外代购(overseas purchasing)也使得很多外语并不好的国人足不出户便可以在全世界买买买。
2. discretionary spending 可支配支出
同时随着近些年国人观念的改变，一味地通过奢侈品(luxury items/ big-ticket items/premium items)来炫富(flaunt wealth)的做法并不流行了。现如今人们更愿意把可支配支出(discretionary spending)用在健身(body building)、投资家人等上面。这样的改变会使得人们在购买奢侈品时更理性谨慎，而不会再一味的为了买而买。
3. Michelin-starred restaurant 米其林星级餐厅
米其林星级餐厅(Michelin-starred restaurant)大家都知道，可是你能准确无误地拼出它的英文表达吗? 导致国人在海外收敛了奢侈品的购买(rein in purchase of luxury items)的另一个重要原因就是国人在海外旅游时开始更多地关注旅游本身所带来的体验，而非像以往那般只在景区拍照以及疯狂购物。人们更有兴趣去探索当地的影院、饮食及风土人情(local customs and culture)。
4. domestic products 国货
预测国人长假不会再次疯狂购物(go on a shopping spree)的另一个原因就是国人开始重拾对国货的信心和兴趣了(to restore their confidence and interest in domestic products)。有调查表明，在第一季度，华为手机以13.75%的高份额占有率，成为中国市场销量第一，这也是华为手机在中国市场的销量上首次超过苹果等跨国品牌。
托福写作热点话题词句类素材分享：假期购物
心花怒放 to burst with joy/be highly delighted
受时间所限 subject to limited time
疯狂扫货 to go on a shopping spree
并不这么看 to think a different way
网上海淘 online cross-border shopping
改变 be in flux
压抑购物欲望 to stifle the desire to buy
海外代购 overseas purchasing
奢侈品 luxury items/big-ticket items/premium items
炫富 to flaunt wealth
可支配支出 discretionary spending
健身 body building
米其林星级餐厅 Michelin-starred restaurant
收敛了奢侈品的购买 to rein in purchase of luxury item
风土人情 local customs and culture
重拾对国货的信心和兴趣 to restore their confidence and interest in domestic products
篇3：托福写作高频话题思路拓展和词汇句式素材
托福写作热点话题常见题目分享：儿童教育
1. Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very early age and should spend most of their time on school studies. Others believe that young children should spend most of their time playing. Compare these two views. Which view do you agree with? Why?(小孩应该在很小的时候接受正规教育并花费大量时间在学校学习上，还是应该玩耍?)
2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.(孩子应该在可能的时候帮助做家务。同意与否?)
3. A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a child’s development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.(一个礼品比如照相机，足球，或动物可以对小孩的成长有帮助，你愿意给小孩什么礼物帮助他成长?)
4. Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.(很小的小孩花费太多时间从事体育的好处和坏处?)
5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.(游戏对成年人和小孩子同样重要，同意与否?)
6. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Younger school children aged 5 to 10 should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.(5-10岁的孩子应该被要求学习除了数学，语言，科学以及历史以外的绘画和音乐。)
托福写作热点话题理论素材分享：儿童教育
Infant education is the education of children before they would normally enter school.(定义)The term “Infant” is typically applied to children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months.(时间)
Early childhood education focuses on children's learning through play, based on the research and philosophy of Jean Piaget.(理论)This belief is centered on the “power of play”. It has been thought that children learn more efficiently and gain more knowledge through play-based activities such as dramatic play, art, and social games. This theory plays stems children's natural curiosity and tendencies to “make believe”, mixing in educational lessons.(这句话非常适合用于托福写作中，说明孩子为什么需要玩耍。)
According to Piaget’s theory, when young children encounter information that conflicts with their previously learned expectations, or schemes, they attempt to both accommodate and assimilate the new information. Through accommodation, a child attempts to adapt his / her mental schemes and representations in order to make them consistent with reality. Through assimilation, a child attempts to fit new information into their pre-existing schemes about reality. Through these two processes, young children learn by equilibrating their mental representations of reality with the reality they encounter.(这段非常有逻辑的论证了孩子是如何在经验中和实践中不断学习和成长的。)
By applying Piaget’s theories to school programs, children’s experiences become more hands-on and concrete as they explore the nature of things through trial and error.(很适用于我们托福写作中孩子犯错的情况)He believes that early childhood education includes encouraging exploration, manipulating objects and learning about the world through field trips. (很好用的平行结构加论据)Piaget found that children who were allowed to make mistakes often learned from them and discovered new solutions.(适用于创新)This theory posits that children build their own way of learning - paving the way for early childhood education.
Piaget’s theory have been significant in influencing early childhood education practices – how educators should teach, how they can affect children’s learning, and how they contribute to the cognitive development of the child.(一个非常漂亮的平行结构。)
这篇文章在很好的程度上解释了：
1. 孩子为什么要玩耍，如为了迎合好奇心，渐渐形成自己的意识，成长以及经验的不断更正的需要。
2. 怎么玩耍，如可以排演戏剧，体育锻炼，参加短途旅游，学习艺术。
3. 玩耍过程中可能犯一些错误都是为了认识世界做准备的，都给予了非常好的解释，这些对孩子的早期教育有着深远的影响。
4. 在词句上大量用了平行结构和学术词汇，虽然不是非常难，但是非常地道，考生们可以学习这样的词句来写托福写作独立作文，一定是非常有效果的。
这篇文章完全可以作为背景知识，看看外国学术专家们是如何看待托福写作常见话题：儿童教育，同时也看看外国专家的逻辑是如何紧凑的。
篇4：托福写作高频话题思路拓展和词汇句式素材
托福写作热点话题观点类素材分享：打车软件
1.cash burning 烧钱
不可否认，像滴滴快车这样的叫车应用是通过烧钱(burn cash)来抢占市场份额(to grab market share)的。所谓“烧钱”是指这些叫车应用通过向客户提供高额补贴(provide massive subsidies)的方式来大打价格战(to wage a fierce price war)。这种新商业模式(novel business model)使得传统的出租车行业处于劣势(to put the traditional taxi business at a disadvantage)。很多客户会因为便宜而转向叫车应用。
2.venture capital firm 风险资本公司/private equity firm 私募公司
这种O2O模式的企业，大多是风险资本公司(venture capital firm)或私募公司(private equity firm)。消费者喜欢这种企业，比如这次三亚出租车司机罢工事件，乘客都是一边倒地支持滴滴快车公司。乘客们认为滴滴快车更便捷更便宜，传统出租车行业自身也应该进行变革。
3.online to offline(O2O) 线上到线下
但同时不少人也质疑像滴滴快车这样的O2O互联网企业的烧钱行为能持续到何时。烧钱这一营销策略(market strategy)是否是一种可行的商业模式(viable business model), 因为在烧钱这种商业模式中，补贴起着决定性作用(play a defining role), 烧钱吸引来的用户并没有什么忠诚度，当别的公司提供更多补贴时，这些客户就会“倒戈”。所以在这场烧钱大战中胜出的唯一可能就是在竞争对手破产(go bankrupt/go out of business)前，自己的钱还没有烧完。
4.to publish financial statement 公布财务报表
很多人悲观地认为，眼下这种以叫车应用为代表的整个互联网行业的烧钱热潮预示着互联网泡沫快胀到头了(to heralds the top of an internet bubble).由于这些O2O公司不公布财务报表(not publish financial statement), 所以他们的烧钱规模无从得知。其实O2O这种模式之前在国外已经受到了审视(be subject to scrutiny), 上世纪90年代，硅谷(silicon valley)曾经发生过互联网泡沫。因此，看待这个问题时，我们应该想得更长远一些。
托福写作热点话题词句类素材分享：打车软件
旅游胜地 resorts/tourist attraction
指定地点 designated place
出租车司机罢工 taxi driver strike
手机叫车应用 cellphone car-hailing application
危害了某人利益 damage one’s interest
烧钱 to burn cash
抢占市场份额 to grab market share
提供高额补贴 to provide massive subsidies
大打价格战 to wage a fierce price war
新商业模式 novel business mode
使得传统的出租车行业处于劣势 to put the traditional taxi business at a disadvantage
风险资本公司 venture capital firm
私募公司 private equity firm
营销策略 market strategy
可行的商业模式 viable business model
起着决定性作用 to play a defining role
破产 to go bankrupt/go out of business
预示着互联网泡沫快胀到头了 to heralds the top of an internet bubble
公布财务报表 not publish financial statement
受到了审视 be subject to scrutiny
硅谷 silicon valley
篇5：托福独立写作拓展话题思路
所谓细化，就是不要拘泥于单纯的题目。一定要进行举例!比如说：Do you agree or disagree the following statement: Leadership comes naturally: one cannot learn to be a leader.与这个题目：Some people have ambitious dreams and keep following them, but other people always focus on realistic goals and try to achieve them. Which do you think is better?
第一个题目，大家都觉得很空，“领导力”到底该怎么找理由，完全没有头绪。第二个题目，也是一样的，“具有挑战性的梦想”与“现实的目标”感觉远不如曾经老托福里面的“是否建立工厂”好想理由。
但是如果我们对于领导力进行举例，我们自然而然的就会想到乔布斯，绝对是一个超伟大的大企业家，乔布斯有什么过人的能力呢。1 创新能力，否则不会有iphone与ipad; 2 审美能力，否则Mac的字体不会那么漂亮，iphone也不会那么完美 ;3 坚韧不拔的能力，否则也不会建立皮克斯东山再起。再来想创新能力，我们可以通过旅游来获得，什么可以通过学习来获得，坚韧可以通过体育来获得。到这，不也就找到了写作的方向了么。
再比如说现实的梦想，还是挑战性的梦想，我们也可以进行举例。现实的梦想：1 去海南旅游;2 考全班前5 ;3 给父母买礼物。为什么要做这些事情呢?1 去海南旅游，可以多游泳，锻炼身体; 2 考全班前5，可以激发自己的积极性，告诉自己通过自己的努力可以实现; 3 给父母买礼物，可以增进家庭成员的感情。这不就有很好的理由了么。
托福作文理由，切忌就事论事，其实只要我们大胆的进行举例，然后需要的时候，再适当提炼，其实作文思路是非常好寻找的。
托福独立写作难点话题思路解读和高分范文赏析：attending classes required or optiona
托福写作难点话题一览
Attending classes: required or optional?
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
写作思路展开结构分析
这个话题其实两边都是有些片面的，因此建议考生不要急于选择哪一个观点。正确做法是先尽量多地列举两种观点的优缺点，然后进行比较，最终选择一个立场。大家可以考虑一下这几个问题，比如在培养大学生时，是否应该以培养学生的自主能力为主?如果强制所有的学生去上课，是否真的会提高所有学生的学习效率?有些学生可能在某些课堂上得不到有效的帮助。如果允许所有的学生都可以自由选课，是否会有些学生失去目标?另外现行的选修课和必修课制度是否已经一定程度上解决了这个矛盾。考虑清楚这些问题的答案再选边站会比较好一些。
本话题高分范文赏析
The most important responsibility of college students is to pursue their course of study to the best of their ability. In most cases, this would mean attending every class. In reality, however, not every student is the same,and not every class is the same. If a student can study more effectively in another way, then that student should be allowed to pursue his/her studies to the best of his/her abilities, and not be required to attend classes that are not helpful to him/her.
Some students find it difficult to concentrate in large lecture classes and find reading quietly a more effective way of studying. If a student can achieve more by reading in the library and meeting with a professor during office hours than students who attend every class, he/she should not be prevented from studying in the most effective way for him/her.
The most important measures of a college student's academic progress are tests. In the weeks before exams, college student's need to arrange their own schedules becomes critical. For instance, if a student is very good at math but very poor at English, it might make more sense for that student to skip math class and spend the extra time preparing for an English test. If students are required to attend classes whose content they are already familiar with, at best they will be bored by redundant material, at worst they will fail tests in subjects they are less proficient in.
The argument might be made that it is the school's responsibility to organize its curriculum so that students are always challenged and therefore truly need to be at every class. I contend that it is impossible to tailor an entire school's curriculum to the individual needs of every single student. The best that can be hoped for is a well thought out curriculum with enough flexibility to handle the differences between individual students. Schools should trust the students to make choices that are in their own best interests, and use testing as the final arbiter of academic excellence.
托福独立写作难点话题思路解读和高分范文赏析：what makes a good neighbor
托福写作难点话题一览
What makes a good neighbor?
Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor?Use specific details and examples in your answer.
写作思路展开结构分析
这道题目的展开需要考虑两个问题，首先是邻居能够带给你哪些帮助?其次是邻居可能会给你造成哪些困扰?把这两个问题的答案都写下来，基本上你就能找到话题展开的方向了。一般来说，形容邻居比较常见的一些quality有intelligence, honesty, a sense of humor等等。当然这也是描述各类积极的正面的人群都很容易用到的基本优点，还有比如optimistic and positive; politeness; loyalty大家也可以考虑用到这篇文章的话题展开当中去。
本话题高分范文赏析
Neighbors are extraordinarily important people in our lives. Many people make a decision about what place they want to live in based on their future neighbors. People most want to live near neighbors who are respectful, vigilant, and community-minded.
The foundation of any relationship, whether among neighbors or friends, colleagues or family members, is mutual respect. Respect between neighbors means that when they see each other they will be warm and polite.
Neighbors don't have to be friends, but they need not be strangers either. Because neighbors live close together, sometimes it is unavoidable that they will learn personal details about their neighbors. A respectful person will not intrude upon their neighbor's privacy, or share these private details with anyone else.
Another important aspect of being a good neighbor is to be vigilant. If people see a robber trying to break into their neighbor's house, then they should call the police. If they see a neighbor's young child in a dangerous situation, they should help the child, or at least give the alarm. If the government posts new regulations, they will help inform their neighbors of the new laws. If everyone in a neighborhood watches out for each other's safety, then the neighborhood will be a safer and more pleasant place. Moreover, good neighbors are community-minded. They care about their local environment. Good neighbors will not throw trash on the ground, and if they see trash on the ground they will pick it up. They will make decisions based with consideration to their neighbors. They won't play loud music late at night or get drunk and fight in public. They want to live in a happy, peaceful community and they believe that their personal actions have a direct effect on the happiness of all of their neighbors. If all the people in the community think about the good of the community when they make decisions, the whole community will benefit.
篇6：托福写作如何提升句式和词汇多样性
托福写作技巧解析 如何提升句式和词汇多样性?
一.托福写作技巧之提升句式和词汇多样性
言语多样性分为句式的多样性和词汇的多样性。新托福考试说到底，仍是在考察学生的言语才能。文章结构就是一个人的骨架，那么剩下来的工作就是需求往这具空空的骨架中添加进生动的血肉，这就是我们的言语了。新托福写作考试关于考生的言语水平最基本的要求是没有太多的语法错误，也就是考生所犯的语法错误不会影响到文章的了解。在这个根底上，新托福考试还要求学生会娴熟运用一些句式、词汇，使文章看起来很native。句式的多样性是很简单经过教师的辅导在短时刻内得到敏捷的提升的，可是词汇的多样性却要在很大程度上依托考生自己平常本身的积累，光靠教师的总结是远远不够的，再好的教师也永远不行能把一切的词汇总结出来。关于想要在写作部分取得高分的考生而言的(所谓的高分就是写作部分得到25分以上)就有必要下工夫去进步自己言语多样性上的涵养，关于一般的考生而言，只需求恰当运用就可。
二.托福写作句式词组积累
1.综合写作常用句式
综合写作乃客观写作，只是一个旁观者的角度对这两篇文章的内容进行描述，因此，某观点是出自哪篇文章一定要说清楚。所以，下面的这些句型在综合写作中必不可缺。
a.According to+noun.
Eg: According to thepassage/lecture/author/professor,…
b.Subject+verbs of reporting+that clause
Eg: The authortells/reports/suggests/explains/says/argues/states/indicates/claims/pointsout/thinks/believes that…
或The speakeragrees/disagrees/rejects/disputes/challenges/takes a different view….
c. As is indicated/displayed/illustrated in thepassage/lecture,...
2.各类话题常用词组
1) 有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…&
2) 扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
3) 经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
4) 先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
5) 身心两方面 both physically and mentally
6) 人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement / steady growth of people’s living standard。
备考托福写作除了提升基础外，还要掌握一些托福写作技巧，比如在一篇写作中运用不同句式和词汇能提升文章的整体质量。上文中也为大家整理了一些写作中常用的句式和词组，大家可以积累下来，遇到类似话题多运用。
托福写作：复习建议
建议一： 避免空洞的单词和词组
1. 一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息，完全可以被删掉。比如下面的句子：
When all things are considered, young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.
这句话当中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都显得多余。完全可以去掉。改为：
Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.
2. 有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换，例如：
Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.
“due to the fact that”就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子，可以替换，简化为下面的表达方式：
Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now.
建议二： 避免重复
1. 尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇。或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复。这时候可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子：:
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改为：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更简洁的表达方式为：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2. 有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：
My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly，显得更为简洁：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
建议三：选择最恰当的语法结构
选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。虽然语法的多样性也很重要，但选择最恰当的语法结构仍然是更为重要的考虑因素。
1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.
The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.
从意思上来分析，上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表达这个概念时，原句用的主语是situation，谓语动词是was，不能强调需要表达的重点概念，可以改为下面这句话：
My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.
2. 避免频繁使用“there be”结构，例如下面的句子：
There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.
可以改为：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.
更简洁的句式为：
My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.
3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如：
Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.
简介的表达方式为：
The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.
4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候，才使用被动语态。例如：
In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.
本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被动语态后，仿佛重心变成了cows和hay。下面的表达方式是主动语态，相对来说更简洁一些：
In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.
5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语，例如下面这句话：
My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.
Stand around doing nothing其实可以用一个动词来表达，即loiter：
My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.
6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达，例如：
Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.
两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子：
Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.
托福写作：常识积累
本文分为三个部分：其中Independent Writing Task 9个问题，Integrated Writing Task 6个问题，以及牵涉全局写作的3个问题。
Independent Task
Q: Independent Writing Task有没有题库?
A: 没有，但是可以借鉴TWE的题库。
“You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT.” [OG, P267]
Q: 准备Independent Writing Task需不需要专业知识?
A: “None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based on the common experience of people in general and students in particular.” [OG, P267]
Q: 写作的时候，观点重不重要?
A: “It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions.” [OG, P267]
“I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence.” [Susan Hines, Dec. ]
“Creativity is not necessary.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 是否可以通过增加深刻的逻辑和复杂的例子来掩盖或者弥补语言能力的不足?
A: 不可以。
“If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be.” [OG, P260]
而且从例子的选择上讲，并不要求使用庞大、复杂的例子，尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不依据论据的复杂性来看文章。
“Personal experiences are common.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)来写作?
A: 那要看你怎么定义“模板”这个词。如果“模板”指的是段落结构和文章结构，那没有任何问题，比如“五段式结构”可能会一直是TOEFL文章最好的写法。但如果“模板”是指背下来的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何题目上的段落内容，那就千万不要这样做。
Do not “memorize” long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:
“The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.”
“In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding.”
Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:
“At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution.” [OG, P259]
“I think you could use it as long as it is on topic.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 阅卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?
A: Your ability
to respond directly to the question;
to take a clear position; and
to write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.
[Workshop Manual, P26]
Q: 5分和4分最大的区别在哪里?
A: “Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed.” [Teacher's Manual]
Q: 词汇和句式是不是越复杂越好?
A: 词汇和句式需要一定的复杂性。
“Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas.” [OG, P260]
但是，不是越复杂越好。
就词汇而言，关键是表达的准确性。请参看OG第287页的满分范文1，评语中有这样一句话：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同时请参看Workbook第57页的范文，同样没有big words，也是满分。
就句式而言，关键是表意准确、流畅且能够变化。但为了达到变化或者准确表达复杂意思的目标，出现一些复杂的句式是很正常的。但一味追求复杂是没有意义的。
Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?
A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions.只要能把意思表达清楚，并把问题回答好了，就行了。参见OG第288页满分范文2，评语中这样写道：the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions (“Let's assume,” “we would all agree,” “can make or beak,” “come in very handy”).
Integrated Task
Q: 阅读文章和听力文章中共有几种可能的关系?
A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.
a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.
b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.
c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.
[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]
目前考的都是Contrast题目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，预计在不久的将来也不会有太大变化。根据ETS高级专员(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的说法，目前题库中还没有出过关于support的题目(“Comparison is not available now.”)，所以建议大家主要针对contrast题目进行训练，偶尔也可以用朗文的光盘训练一下solution的写法。
Q: 阅读文章和听力文章之间一般会有几点相关联?
A: “Typically the main idea will be developed with three points.” [OG, P252]
Q: 文章中可不可以出现自己对所谈问题的看法?
A: “Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading.” [OG, P253]
Q: 写作的时候可不可以照搬阅读和听力中的原话?
A: 总的来讲，照搬原文是不可以的。关键词可以不变，但是整体内容必须被paraphrase出来，特别是阅读材料里面的内容。
“In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn.” [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]
“Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed.” [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]
Q: 5分和4分的区别在哪里?
A: “A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately.” [Workshop Manual, P45]
Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的区别在哪里?
A: “The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.” [Workbook, P7]
“Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast.” [Workbook, P11]
“Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused.” [Workshop Manual, P46]
All Writing Tasks
Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在评分程序上有什么区别?
A: 总的来讲，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合评分标准上的所有要求才能评为高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合评分标准的某一条就可以评为低分。
“In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response.” [OG, P267]
Q: 拼写错误和语言问题要不要紧?
A: 关于这一点，我们要一分为二来看。一方面，我们没必要吹毛求疵;阅卷人知道这是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不构成理解障碍，就没太大问题(minor flaw)。另一方面，语法和拼写还是重要的，一旦这些小错误导致阅卷人觉得难以理解，就会构成重大问题(major flaw)。
把“dependence”写成“dependency”没太大问题;偶尔把“becomes independent”写成了“becomes independency”是个可以看到的错误，但还是问题不大;偶尔写出“They prefer to be depended on their parents.”这样的奇怪句子也会得到阅卷人的宽恕。
“Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture.” [OG, P253]
“If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score.” [OG, P260]
Q: 字数是不是很重要?
A: 首先，字数没有上限。
其次，目前字数会比以前更有意义，因为考试有计数器专门动态显示字数，为的是让考生对自己的字数做到心里有数。而且两篇文章都有了推荐字数。所以，我的建议是超过这个建议字数，虽然不用超过太多。(Integrated Task超过150，Independent Task超过300)
最后，关键是内容，而不是数量。不要为了求字数而导致文章很啰嗦。
“Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.” [OG, P253]
“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted.” [OG, P258]
“The length is not considered.”
篇7：托福写作热门话题高分词汇句式
1. Education is one of the key words of our time，a man without education，man of us believe，is the victim of adversity.教育是我们时代的关键词之一，一人没有受过教育的人，我们很多人认为，是逆境的牺牲者。
点评：本句谈及教育的重要性。
2. Education has a key role to play in one’s personal growth and a nation’s further development. 教育在个人成长和国家的发展中发挥了重要的重要。
解析：has a key role to play in…… 在……方面可以发挥重要的重要
3. People differ greatly in their views over whether people are easier to get educated than before. 关于是否人们比过去更加容易接受教育，人们的观点差异很大。
4. It seems easier for people to get well-educated in the present day society. 当今社会，似乎人们更加容易接受良好的教育。
解析：get well-educated = receive fine education v 接受良好的教育
5. The Internet greatly diversifies people’s option of receiving education. 互联网使得人们接受教育的选择更加多元化。
解析：diversify = enrich v 使多样化
6. With the popularity of on-line education, people could acquire and update knowledge via drawing on rich on-line educatioal resource. 由于网络教育的流行，人们可以通过利用丰富的在线教育资源，学习知识，不断充电。
解析：update knowledge v充电(学习)
7. Distance education is highly convenient, because learners can be free to take any suitable course through an on-line course selection system. 远程教育高度便利，因为学习者可以通过在线的选课系统，自由选择适合自己的课程。
点评：本句还可以对比网络教育以及课堂教育。
8. It can effectively surmount geographical barrier and enhance the flexibility of learning，therefore，many learners in remote areas have access to fine teaching resources 网络教育有效地克服了地域的障碍，提高了学习的灵活性，因此，很多偏远地区的学习者也有机会获得良好的教育资源。
9. In this sense, distance learning provide people with more opportunities to receive fine education, some special learning group, such as disabled learners, ill students or busy employees, could serve as perfect examples. 因此，远程学习给人们提供了更多的机会去接受良好的教育，一些特殊的学习群体，例如残疾学习者，生病的学生，忙碌的企业职员都是很好接受网络教育的例证。
解析：serve as perfect examples 是很好的例证
10. In addition to the availability of various cyber educational resources, the state support in education is another stimulating factor that facilitate various education 除了各种在线网络教育资源，国家在教育方面的支持是另外一个因素，对于各种教育提供便利。
解析：facilitate v 使容易;有助于……
11. Education is the driving force of productivity, in this sense, the government of many developed and developing country attach great importance to the instruction. 教育是生产力的驱动力，因此，很多发达国家和发展中国家的政府高度重视教育。
解析：attach great importance to = lay more stress on = give priority to v 更加重视……
12. Thanks to the support from the government such as popularizing free elementary education or promoting the salary of teachers， more and more people have access to fine education, especially for those who coming from poverty-stricken families or remote rural areas 因为政府支持，例如普及免费的基础教育或者是提高教育者的薪水，很多人有机会接受良好的教育，尤其是对于那些来自贫困的家庭或者是遥远的乡村地区。
解析：thanks to 多亏了
13. Past several decades witnessed obvious multiplication of family income, which enables those who cannot afford high tuition fees of university to receive higher education. 过去很多年，人们的家庭收入增加，这使得很多不能支付大学教育的人有机会接受高等教育。
14. Meanwhile, more and more people begin to recognize the significance of education and the pleasure of life-long learning, that is why so many training organizations spring up overnight. 同时，很多人认识到教育的意义和终身学习的乐趣，这就是为何很多的培训机构一夜之间涌现出来。
15. Even those retired old men now have more opportunities to develop their personal interest by means of selecting their favorite training courses. 即使，退休的老人现在又更多的机会通过选择自己喜爱的培训课程发展自己的个人兴趣。
16. It is indeed easier for modern people to receive good education because of the availability of diverse mode of education, the assistance from the government and the increase of family income 现在人接受良好的教育确实是更加容易，因为人们可以利用各种教育的模式，因为政府支持教育，因为家庭收入的增加。
解析：indeed adv 确实
